Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic Hepatitis is a long-term inflammatory disease of the liver, where ongoing inflammation leads to the destruction of liver cells (hepatocytes) and the gradual replacement of healthy tissue with scar tissue (fibrosis). Over time, this damage reduces the liver’s ability to function properly, affecting important processes such as detoxification, digestion, and metabolism.

The condition can develop for several reasons, including infections, exposure to toxins or certain medications, metabolic disorders, immune system abnormalities, or genetic predisposition. In some dogs, the exact cause remains unknown (idiopathic). Certain breeds, such as Doberman Pinschers, Cocker Spaniels, Labrador Retrievers, Bedlington Terriers, and Dalmatians, are more prone to developing chronic hepatitis.

Symptoms often appear gradually and may include loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhoea, increased thirst and urination, jaundice (yellowing of gums, eyes, or skin), abdominal swelling, and lethargy. In advanced stages, dogs may develop bleeding tendencies, neurological signs (hepatic encephalopathy), or ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen).

Diagnosis involves a combination of blood tests, which typically show elevated liver enzymes, imaging tests (like ultrasound), and a liver biopsy, which confirms the presence and severity of inflammation and fibrosis.

Treatment aims to reduce liver inflammation, control symptoms, and slow disease progression. It often includes anti-inflammatory medications (such as corticosteroids), immunosuppressive drugs if the cause is immune-mediated, antioxidants (SAMe, Vitamin E) to protect liver cells, and special liver-support diets that are low in copper and protein but rich in nutrients. In cases where copper buildup is a problem (as in copper-associated hepatitis), chelating agents like penicillamine may be used to remove excess copper.

With early diagnosis and proper management, many dogs with chronic hepatitis can live for years with a good quality of life. However, because the condition is progressive, lifelong monitoring and treatment are often necessary to maintain liver health and prevent complications.