Cushing s Disease

Cushing’s Disease 

Cushing’s disease is also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a hormonal disorder caused by an excessive production of cortisol, a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition commonly affects middle-aged and older dogs, leading to a wide range of physical and behavioural changes. Cortisol plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune function, and stress response, but when levels remain too high for too long, it can cause serious health problems in dogs.

The main causes of Cushing’s disease are divided into three types. The most common form is pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease, which occurs when a benign tumour develops on the pituitary gland in the brain, overstimulating the adrenal glands to produce excess cortisol. The second type, adrenal-dependent Cushing’s, results from a tumour on one or both adrenal glands themselves. A third, less common form is iatrogenic Cushing’s, caused by long-term or excessive use of steroid medications prescribed for other health conditions.

Early signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs can be subtle but gradually progress over time. The most noticeable symptoms include increased thirst and urination, excessive appetite, and panting. Dogs may also show thinning of the skin, hair loss, a pot-bellied appearance, muscle weakness, and lethargy. Some dogs develop skin infections, darkened skin patches, or slow wound healing due to cortisol’s immune-suppressing effects. Behavioural changes like restlessness, decreased activity, or confusion are also common in advanced stages.

Diagnosis of Cushing’s disease involves a combination of blood and urine tests, including the ACTH stimulation test, low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, and urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio. Imaging tools such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI help identify tumours on the pituitary or adrenal glands. Because symptoms can resemble other conditions like diabetes or hypothyroidism, accurate diagnosis by a veterinarian is essential before starting treatment.

Treatment for Cushing’s disease in dogs depends on the underlying cause. Pituitary-dependent cases are usually managed with oral medications such as Trilostane (Vetoryl) or Mitotane (Lysodren), which control cortisol production. Adrenal tumours may require surgical removal if they are benign and accessible. For iatrogenic Cushing’s, gradually tapering off steroid medications under veterinary supervision is necessary to restore hormonal balance. Throughout treatment, dogs must be closely monitored with regular blood tests to ensure medication dosage remains effective and safe.

With proper management, many dogs with Cushing’s disease live happy and comfortable lives for years after diagnosis. However, without treatment, the disease can lead to complications such as high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney damage, and increased susceptibility to infections. Pet parents can help their dogs by maintaining a balanced diet, a moderate exercise routine, and regular veterinary checkups.

Preventing Cushing’s disease may not always be possible, especially in cases caused by pituitary tumours, but responsible medication use, early symptom recognition, and consistent veterinary care are key to managing the condition effectively. Raising awareness about dog hormone imbalance and providing prompt medical attention can make a significant difference in improving your dog’s quality of life.