Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis

Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis

Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis (DLS), also known as cauda equina syndrome, is a painful and progressive spinal condition that affects the lower back region where the lumbar spine meets the sacrum. It occurs when the spinal canal narrows due to age-related changes, arthritis, or disc degeneration, leading to compression of the spinal nerves that control movement and sensation in the hind limbs, tail, and bladder. This condition is most common in large and active dog breeds such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and working dogs that experience high physical strain on their lower spine.

The primary cause of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs is degenerative disc disease, which results in the gradual deterioration of the intervertebral disc between the lumbar vertebrae (L7) and the sacrum (S1). Over time, this disc may bulge or collapse, reducing space within the spinal canal. Additional contributing factors include thickening of surrounding ligaments, bone spurs (spondylosis), vertebral instability, or joint arthritis, all of which can increase pressure on the nerve roots. Trauma, genetic predisposition, or chronic stress on the lower back can accelerate the degenerative process.

The symptoms of DLS often develop gradually and may worsen with physical activity. Common signs include difficulty rising, reluctance to jump or climb stairs, stiffness in the hind limbs, pain when touching the lower back, and weakness or lameness in one or both rear legs. Some dogs may drag their hind feet, have trouble controlling their tail, or show pain when wagging or sitting. In severe cases, nerve compression can lead to incontinence, loss of tail movement, or paralysis if left untreated.

Diagnosing degenerative lumbosacral stenosis involves a detailed physical and neurological examination by a veterinarian. Tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI imaging are used to assess spinal canal narrowing, disc protrusion, and nerve compression. Advanced imaging, like MRI, is particularly useful in evaluating the extent of nerve root involvement. In some cases, electrodiagnostic testing may be performed to confirm spinal nerve dysfunction and rule out other causes of hind limb weakness, such as hip dysplasia or intervertebral disc disease.

Treatment for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases can often be managed with conservative therapy, including anti-inflammatory medications, pain relief, muscle relaxants, weight control, and restricted physical activity. Physical rehabilitation, laser therapy, and controlled exercise programs can help strengthen supporting muscles and improve flexibility. For dogs that do not respond to medical treatment or have severe neurological symptoms, surgical intervention such as a dorsal laminectomy may be recommended. This procedure relieves pressure on the compressed nerves by removing a portion of the bone or disc material around the lumbosacral joint.

Post-surgery, dogs typically require strict rest, physiotherapy, and regular veterinary follow-ups to ensure proper recovery. Long-term management focuses on maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding strenuous activity, and providing joint supplements such as glucosamine and omega-3 fatty acids to support spinal health.

The prognosis for dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis varies depending on the stage of the disease and the success of treatment. Many dogs experience significant improvement with proper care and pain management, while advanced cases with nerve damage may have permanent mobility issues. Early detection and proactive veterinary care are crucial to slowing the progression and preserving quality of life.

By recognising the early signs of dog back pain and nerve compression, pet owners can seek timely treatment and prevent long-term complications. Maintaining spinal health through regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and careful activity management can go a long way in reducing the risk of degenerative spinal conditions like lumbosacral stenosis in dogs.