Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration

Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration (SARD)

Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration (SARD) is a rare but severe eye disorder in dogs that causes sudden and irreversible blindness. It happens when the retina — the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye — deteriorates rapidly, preventing it from sending visual signals to the brain. The onset is often sudden and unexpected, with dogs losing vision over a period of days or weeks. While the exact cause is still unknown, experts believe that autoimmune responses, hormonal imbalances, or oxidative damage may trigger retinal cell destruction.

Dogs with SARD usually appear healthy before the vision loss begins. Common signs include bumping into walls or furniture, reluctance to move in unfamiliar areas, confusion in dim light, or staring blankly into space. Owners may also notice increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), increased appetite, or weight gain, which suggests a link between SARD and endocrine disorders like Cushing’s disease. The pupils often remain dilated and unresponsive to light, though the eyes may look completely normal from the outside.

The exact cause of Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration is not yet fully understood. However, it is believed to involve autoimmune destruction of photoreceptor cells, which are responsible for detecting light. Hormonal and metabolic disturbances may also play a role. The disease typically affects middle-aged to older dogs, and unfortunately, there is no known cure or treatment to restore lost vision. Despite this, affected dogs adapt remarkably well to blindness with proper care and environmental support.

Dog Breeds Commonly Affected by Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration (SARD)

SARD can affect any dog breed, but it tends to occur more frequently in certain small and medium breeds, such as:

• Dachshunds
• Miniature Schnauzers
• Cocker Spaniels
• Beagles
• Bichon Frises
• Pugs
• Labrador Retrievers
• Shih Tzus
• West Highland White Terriers
• Mixed-breed dogs

Diagnosis of SARD involves a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including electroretinography (ERG) — a test that measures electrical activity in the retina. In dogs with SARD, the ERG shows a lack of retinal response, confirming complete degeneration. Additional blood and hormone tests may help identify related metabolic issues. While there’s no treatment to reverse the condition, management focuses on helping the dog adjust to blindness through a stable environment, training, and supportive care.

Dogs with SARD can still live happy, healthy lives once they adjust to their vision loss. Pet owners should avoid moving furniture, block off stairs, and use consistent verbal cues to help their dogs navigate safely. Providing mental stimulation, gentle exercise, and a nutritious diet rich in antioxidants supports overall health and confidence. With patience and understanding, dogs with Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration can adapt well and continue to enjoy a high quality of life.